The Role of Traditional Political Parties in the Democratization Essay

The Role of Traditional Political Parties in the Democratization Process in Latin America - Essay Example Practically every one of the countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean had encountered having such sorts of governments in their history. Among the most unmistakable names in Latin America’s rundown of tyrant governments are Somoza of Nicaragua, Batista of Cuba, Duvalier of Haiti, Trujillo of Dominican Republic, Peron of Argentina, Noriega of Panama, and Pinochet of Chile. The way to control that is very normal among them is the overthrow d’etat. Some of these tyrants were brought to control after they had toppled appropriately chosen governments. There were likewise those regular people who were justly chosen into office just to usurp all the forces vested in the authoritative bodies and governed by orders rather with the guide of the military. In spite of the way that significant pieces of the area were under military tyrannies for long time, there were as yet conventional gatherings that asserted their effect on legislative issues in every one of the nations in Latin America. The effect of the customary ideological groups in administration was, be that as it may, diminished with the ascent of dictator systems. It must be called attention to however that it was the principle qualities of the said ideological groups that achieved the development of tyrants and autocrats. In the nineteenth century, when a significant number of the nations in area won their freedom from Spain and different colonizers, political force was only held by the high societies, especially the landed and the business elites. Be that as it may, the privileged societies were likewise separated with regards to issues identified with how their nation must be administered. Upon the takeoff of the Spanish colonialists, political discussions rotated around the treatment of the Catholic Church, which for all intents and purposes imparted capacity to the pilgrim heads, just as the type of government to be set up in post-frontier and present day Latin America (Br ay 76). The nonconformists needed an express that is completely liberated from the intruding of the Church, a type of government that decays capacity to the regions, and free enterprise. The moderates, then again, demanded that the Church ought to hold the benefits and force that it has had since the pioneer period. They needed an increasingly unified type of government and the assurance of the interests of the landed first class. The dissidents and preservationists of the nineteenth century were the causes of the conventional gatherings that later on created and increased more noteworthy impact by the 1900s. It is clear however that with such separate plan, neither one nor the other political powers had the vote based interests of the majority in their psyches, in spite of the fact that the dissidents were thoughtful to the majority since they need open help for their issues against the traditionalists. Be that as it may, both the dissidents and the moderates don't address â€Å"t he fundamental issue of joining masses of Indians and Negroes into society or to the mind-boggling neediness and numbness of the general population† (Bray 76). Thus, regardless of whether government power changed hands between the two, genuine majority rule government didn't happen yet the customary ideological groups remained. It was just when social strife declined as a result of imbalances, that the military officials took over through upset d’etat. The typical reasons made by the military officials for propelling the overthrows were that open request needs to restored, that the spread of socialism must be forestalled, and that

Education and Forthcoming English Olympiad

P. T. M. T. T. I MARUTHOORKONAM, BALARAMAPURAM Attention Students!!! ENGLISH OLYMPIAD-2012-13 P. T. M. T. T. I wishes to advise all instructor students the subtleties of the approaching English Olympiad 2012 on twelfth Dec 2012 at T. T. I Auditorium. Things for rivalry 1. Production 2. Movement 3. Book Review 4. Gathering discussionâ â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Details 1. A Skit of around 15 minutes can be organized by 10 members. The discourse, stage settings and so on hould be chosen by the Trainees under the direction of Teachers. Topic: Human Values 2. A sonnet formed by an understudy/a gathering of understudies of the school might be arranged. Most extreme 10 understudies can take an interest among whom at the very least two understudies might be for recitation. Subject: Love. (Time. 10 Minutes) 3. Book Review.Three Books will be recommended for perusing. The chose understudy can peruse the books and come arranged to a ddress the inquiries of the board of judges. Time: 10 Minutes. Books will be educated. . Gathering Discussion. Time: 20 Minutes A gathering of ten students will be chosen to take an interest in the conversation. G. D. Theme will be reported on the spot. Assessment: All the things will be surveyed dependent on the models in the English Source books. The choice of the appointed authorities will be conclusive and may not be addressed. It would be ideal if you register the name and the taking part things by fifth Nov 2012 to Smt. Sheeba Rani, Club Convener. Good luck to all members! R,Anu Krishnan, Teacher Educator.

Issues of Politcs and Pubic Administration Dichotomy

Issues of Political Dichotomy and Public Administration Genyne Coleman South University Online Patricia Wright Kelly, J. , and Wanna, J. (2000). New open administration and the legislative issues of government planning. Worldwide Public Management Review, 1(1), 33-54. Recovered from http://www3. devil. unisg. ch/organization/idt/†¦/IPMR_1_1_BUDGETING. pdf The article looks at the New Public Management (NPM) to address government spending clashes utilizing the gatekeeper high-roller system of political specialist Aaron Wildavsky’s.Wildavsky clarifies customary budgetary legislative issues as missing structure and formal technique of monetary control which brought about the dichotomous relationship of watchmen and spenders. The watchman and high-roller relationship is inspected under NPM that propose they are compelled to perform together instead of discrete which makes for a smooth out spending process. (Kelly and Wanna, 2000, â€Å"successful planning is depicted as a re sult of progressing gatekeeper and high-roller relations: the two jobs are real and fundamental in settling financial plan decisions.Dividing capacities and obligations among spenders and watchmen empowers specialization, expands consistency and, in this manner, decreases unpredictability in spending dynamic (p. 34)†. The article depicts the ebb and flow handiness of watchman and high-roller as a successful assessment apparatus The examination utilized in this article includes diverse planning clashes and methodologies utilized by parliament and government.The significance of the article to the exploration of polarity in legislative issues and open organization is significant as it analyzes the historical backdrop of budgetary practices, clashes, and its evolvement. The creator presents a sagacious and very much drafted understanding of ground breaking budgetary procedures. Hildebrand, D. (2008). open organization as businesslike, democratic,and objective. Open Administration Review, 222-229. Recovered from http://www. the scholarly world. edu/597816/Public_administration_as_pragmatic_democratic_

Nursing Care Free Essays

Nursing Diagnoses: (incorporate 1 psychosocial) 1. Disabled Gas Exchange identified with thoracotomy as confirm by O2 through NC, L side chest tube, Hx of asthma, Obesity, chest x-beam demonstrating blockage and atelectasis in the left lower projection, and SOB on effort. 2. We will compose a custom article test on Nursing Care or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Intense Pain identified with careful entry point as prove by patients verbal report of agony (evaluated at a 10 on a scale from 1-10), situating to keep away from torment, raised systolic circulatory strain, facial frown, diminished ambulation and development to dodge torment. 3. Debilitated Skin Integrity identified with a thoracotomy methodology as confirm by a L sidelong entry point post Thoracotomy for resection of mediastinal sore and report of torment in the influenced zone. 4. Disease identified with thoracotomy as prove by raised WBC’s (17.8) and damaged tissue from medical procedure. 5. Information inadequate identified with absence of introduction of surgery recuperation as prove by patient’s proclamation, â€Å"I knew I would be in the emergency clinic this long†. Nursing Diagnosis # 1: Disabled Gas Exchange identified with thoracotomy as confirm by O2 by means of NC, L side chest tube, Hx of asthma, Obesity, chest x-beam demonstrating clog and atelectasis in the left lower projection, and SOB on effort. Objective: Pt. will have sufficient oxygenation and nonappearance of brevity of breath inside 2 days. Mediations: 1. Auscultate breath sounds at regular intervals and note extrinsic sounds, note respiratory rate, profundity, and utilization of accessary built. Empower the utilization of the impetus spirometer and profound breathing activities consistently, focusing on the significant job it plays in her advancement. 2. Survey and think about chest x-beams once per day, audit notes written in definite report. 3. Screen Intake and Output each 2-4 hours 4. Raise the leader of the globule consistently to keep up open aviation route. 5. Empower profound breathing, hacking works out, and the utilization of motivation spirometer consistently. Nursing Diagnosis # 2: Intense Pain identified with careful entry point as confirm by patients verbal report of torment (appraised at a 10 on a scale from 1-10), situating to maintain a strategic distance from torment, raised systolic circulatory strain, facial frown, diminished ambulation and development to stay away from torment. Objective: Pt. will verbalize torment is calmed inside 30 minutes to an hour after pain relieving organization. Intercessions: 1. Decide the seriousness, area, depiction, and conceivable pathophysiological reasons for the agony each time you connect with the patient. (Use torment scale) 2. Give comfort gauges at regular intervals to forestall irritation of the agony; investigate contact, repositioning, symbolism, interruption, nearness, or warmth packs. 3. Cure as requested with analgesics at booked occasions to keep up patient’s torment objective. Utilize opportune intercessions each time you collaborate with the patient and asses agony to be fruitful in lightening torment. Tell doctor if routine is insufficient to meet patients control objective. 4. Assess the client’s reaction to absense of pain an hour after organization. Nursing Diagnosis # 3: Disabled Skin Integrity identified with a thoracotomy method as prove by a L horizontal cut post Thoracotomy for resection of mediastinal growth Objective: Pt. will show opportune mending of careful injury by release. Intercessions: 1. Note the entry point for shading and surface including perceptions of any draining or release at regular intervals. 2. Assess the encompassing skin for erythema, induration, and maceration at regular intervals. 3. Utilize fitting boundary dressings consistently as requested. 4. Keep entry point perfect and dry and forestall disease by hand washing and standard precautionary measure each opportunity you interact with the injury. The most effective method to refer to Nursing Care, Papers

Relationship Marketing in Top UK Airlines Essay

Relationship Marketing in Top UK Airlines - Essay Example Every one of the three have a site on the Internet and acknowledge booking on the web. EasyJet and Ryanair have put low costs over client accommodation, while British Airways keeps on placing administration above cost. In 2001, the assaults on the World Trade Center and Pentagon resonated all through the world, particularly with carriers since business airplane were utilized in the assault. English Airways and other significant carriers declared gigantic occupation cuts while the ease aircrafts shockingly revealed expanded benefits. For what reason would an organization like easyJet outflank the mammoth British Airways Two potential reasons were advancement of deregulation and an open skies strategy set up which permitted ease aircrafts the opportunity to contend with low 'no nonsense's costs (Discount carriers 2006). The thought was to dispose of superfluous expenses with clients following through on much lower costs for tickets while surrendering certain common luxuries (Welcome to Companion Website, 2001). The significant explanation behind the accomplishment of ease carriers, be that as it may, was founding showcasing through the Internet, offering web based reserving just because. By 2002 Ryanair and easyJet had working edges far above conventional aircrafts, including 45% more than British Airways. In the United States 270m individuals were using 1000 low-charge planes with another couple of hundred on hand. In Europe 410m shared 400 low-passage planes (Binggeli and Pompeo). While other low-passage aircrafts traveled every which way, Ryanair and easyJet proceeded with their ubiquity. By 2004, be that as it may, conventional transporters, for example, BA started to make up for lost time to spending carriers. Extreme rivalry and rising fuel costs caused plunging share cost at easyJet in May, and in an online investigation of the carrier business, it was found there was an expansion in guests to online locales for spending aircrafts, yet customary aircrafts demonstrated a higher guest rate (Cahill 2004), maybe a sign of the developing association among clients and business. In 2006, BA not just keeps on being the main universal carrier in the customary market, i t is outperforming the no nonsense market with limited costs and extraordinary arrangements through its site. Consumer loyalty is a factor that prompts achievement in the present commercial center, and the aircraft that comprehends this will develop in notoriety. Upsides and downsides of Budget Airlines In the ease spending aircraft business, easyJet and Ryanair keep on being the biggest organizations in the European minimal effort advertise. These pioneers were the first to use the Internet for web based booking. They augmented resources by diminishing pivot time at air terminals and completion free ready providing food. Ticketless travel and escalated utilization of data innovation (IT) expanded perceivability (easyJet Case Study 2006). Notwithstanding, the significant center points that serve these aircrafts are Stanstet, Luton and Gatwick, not the most advantageous air terminals. Wizzair and SkyEurope are new aircrafts in Central Europe flying into these center points and are in rivalry with the minimal effort British carriers. One

Climate, Copenhagen, and Columbia COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Climate, Copenhagen, and Columbia COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was prepared by SIPA Student Joshua Huneycutt, a second year MIA student concentrating in Energy and Environmental Policy. Image Courtesy of suburbanbloke via Flickr As the world prepares for the upcoming global climate summit in Copenhagen this December, there’s a flurry of activity here at SIPA and Columbia.     Following British climate economist Lord Stern (link here) and controversial Danish environment minister Connie Hedegaard’s (link here) visits to the 15th floor of SIPA last month, there have been a number lively debates, lectures, and events surrounding the question of whether or not the US and the rest of the world can forge agreements and pass legislation to prevent a global climate catastrophe. Columbia’s establishment of the Columbia Climate Center (link: http://climate.columbia.edu/) this past spring reaffirmed the university’s commitment to comprehensively tackling the issue.   With Columbia Law School’s hiring of leading climate law expert Michael Gerrard and SIPA’s appointment of Scott Barrett, a lead author of the IPPC’s second assessment report, to the SIPA faculty, climate policy issues have been put in the spotlight on campus. On top of stellar new faculty and engaging events, SIPA gives students the opportunities to engage directly with agenda-setting organizations on matters related to climate change.   For example, I participated in a consulting workshop group that advised the World Bank on incorporating climate adaptation considerations into their lending mechanisms and helped to overhaul a computer-based climate risk analysis tool. Regardless of what happens in Copenhagen, SIPA and the Columbia community will continue to expand their offerings to help those dedicated to finding viable solutions to these great challenges.   Check out a few climate-related events that took place: __________________________ 10/29 What is the Global Warming Intensity of a Vehicle Fuel?   Uncertainty, Life Cycle Analysis, and Time in the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard and Beyond. We have the pleasure of welcoming Michael OHare, Professor of Public Policy in the Goldman School of Public Policy at UC-Berkeley, for an informational lecture and discussion on his research regarding the use of alternative fuels. A few months ago, the Air Resources Board of the State of California adopted a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), a 10% reduction in greenhouse emissions by 2020, and Professor OHares team at Berkeley was responsible for a large amount of the policys supporting research. This groundbreaking legislation was passed with the notable inclusion of indirect land use change (LUC), the conversion of land used to grow food into land used to grow corn specifically for ethanol, as a source of emissions, overcoming the intense lobbying efforts of the ethanol biofuel industry with indisputable research on the effects of LUC. Professor OHare will share many of his teams discoveries, as well as comment on their potential and actual impacts on local, state, and national climate change policy.   Join us for a lively discussion of an important facet of the current climate change debate. Thursday, Oct. 29th at 3 pm Location: 1512 International Affairs Building This event is being co-sponsored by The Earth Institute, the Columbia Climate Center, the Master in Public Administration program in Environmental Science and Policy, and the Master in Public Administration in Environmental Policy Studies Energy and Environment Concentration program. 10/30 LDEO Earth Science Colloquium: Assessing Resilience of Past Societies to Climatic Change: the Case of Angkor’s 15th Century Collapse and Reorganization Speaker: Dan Penny, Australian Research Council (ARC) Fellow, University of Sidney Friday October 30 3:30 to 4:30 p.m. Location: Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Monell Building Auditorium Web Site: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news-events/earth-science-colloquium/2009-2010

Placing Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus in the Philosophical Structure of Existentialism - Literature Essay Samples

The Myth of Sisyphus is one of the profound philosophical texts written in the 20th century. The book was originally published in French as Le Mythe de Sisyphe in 1942. Albert Camus’ philosophy of absurdity is most apparent in Le Etranger (The Stranger). Camus’ third novel La Chute (The Fall) is a passionate denunciation of all-or–nothing approach to human problems which Camus describes in The Myth of Sisyphus as a form of consciousness of absurdity. Martin Esslin says, â€Å"In one of the most seminal heart-searching of our time, The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus tried to diagnose the human situation in a world of shattered beliefs.†The symbolic marriage of natural and social evils, of metaphysical problems, creates a certain element of ambiguity in Camus’ novels. Both nature and society as seen by Camus are evil; both certainly are powerful; and both exact the same sort of sinister idolatry from their victims. It is against this spiritual sanctification of material force and the ignorance and illusions on which it thrives, that Camus speaks.Camus’ sense of absurdity of human existence and his ethics are founded on an identical act of revolt against the existing structure of the universe. For the self-styled agnostic as he was, the one seems as arbitrary as the other. Were Camus merely telling us that moral values cannot be grounded on pragmatic facts, nor political right upon political might, it would be easy to accept his point of view. He seems rather to be telling us that moral values are incompatible with pragmatism facts, that political morality is incompatible with political efficacy. In other words, he must suppose not only an a-moral but a directly anti-moral universe—a highly anthropomorphic pagan deity of some sort—as fitting object of revolt. There would be little point in shaking our fists at blind, insistent matter.Camus divides The Myth of Sisyphus into three sections and each section into severa l chapters. In the first section Camus says that life becomes meaningless to most of the human beings in the absurd world. This leads to the serious philosophical problem ‘suicide’. Many people die of this, realizing that life is not worth-living. It is very difficult to define life. Some nightmarish experience might undermine oneself and lead him to death.There is a relationship between individual thought and suicide. Too get prepared to think is beginning to be undermined. Society has very little to do in it; the culprit lies in man’s heart. Living is never easy, so to speak. Dying vulnerably implies that one has lost faith in life and recognizes the ridiculous character of life. So, utter meaninglessness of life leads one to commit suicide. The alienation between man and his life is properly the feeling of absurdity. Belief in the absurdity of existence must dictate one’s conduct. It differs from man to man whether a man compromises with the absurdity o r confronts it. Most of the time, we realize a yawning gap between one’s thought and one’s action. We can say that those commit suicide, were assured of the meaning of life. The relationship between human thought and suicide is infected by contradictions and obscurities. The reasoning about the point of death is absurd, that is why the section is called â€Å"An Absurd Reasoning†. There is hope between absurdity of life and death.Deep feelings always mean more than the actual emotional outburst. Everything of a man can not be known and there is in him irreducible that escapes us. Complete self-knowledge is impossible. The climate of absurdity is in the beginning. The end is the absurd universe and the attitude of the mind towards it. The absurd is essentially the divorce. It lies neither in the comparison of fact and reality, rather it is born of their confrontation. We find a fissure between actual knowledge and simulated knowledge. Absurdity has no aura. It cr eates lucidity in the person’s mind to be conscious of his absurdity. Irrational feelings are created for this.Suicide settles the absurd. It engulfs the absurd in the same death. Suicide is a repudiation. The absurd man can drain everything to the bitter end deplete himself. If the absurd cancels an individual’s chances of eternal freedom, it restores and magnifies on the other hand the individual’s freedom of action. Death and the absurd are the principles of the only reasonable freedom—that which a human heart can experience and live. The absurd man catches sight of a burning and frigid, transparent and limited universe in which nothing is possible but everything is given, and beyond which all is collapse and nothingness. He can then decide to accept such a universe and draw from it his strength, hope and unyielding evidence of a life without consolation.While describing the general ideas of absurdity Camus presents some existential philosophersâ€℠¢ view on it. Mere ‘anxiety’ as Heidegger says, is at the source of everything. Usually time carries us but occasion comes when we have to carry it. He does not separate consciousness from the absurd. Jespers says that we have lost naivetà © in life. He knows that the end of the mind is failure. Chestov demonstrates that the most universal rationalism always stumbles eventually on the irrationally constructed human thought. To Chestov, reason is useless and there is something beyond reason. To an absurd mind reason is useless and there is nothing beyond reason. He says, â€Å"The only true solution is precisely where human judgement sees no solution†¦we turn towards God only to obtain the impossible.† For Kierkegaard, Antinomy and paradox become criteria of the religious. He says, Christianity is a scandal. To him despair is not a fact but a state—the very state of sin. Sin alienates oneself from God. The absurd which is the metaphysical state of the conscious man, does not lead to God. Hussrel and other phenomenologists, by their very extravagances, reinstate the world in its diversity and deny the transcendent power of the reason.Although Camus’ symbols are equivalent to all the age-old images of divine injustice, they are no less painfully recognizable as human events. If we go back to the myth of Sisyphus itself, we find that the gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a stone to the top of a cliff, but the stone would fall back again and again. Gods thought that there could be no more deadlier punishment than futile and hopeless labour. Sisyphus is to be seen as hopeless as an absurd hero. He is as much through his passions as through his torture. A face that toils so close to stones is already stone itself. His moment of suffering is his moment of consciousness. Happiness and the absurd are the two sons of the same mother earth. Camus believes that men who are fighting together against a common evil, eve n though they are fighting a losing battle, can give some meaning to their lives and achieve a sense of solidarity.Camus does not suggest that this intellectual and moral struggle against the existing structure of the universe is Man’s primary goal on earth. The affirmative side of Camus’ thinking rather in the positive side and quality of life itself, in the occasional moments of earthly happiness which, however, ephemeral, however gravely menaced, are as real and as important an aspect of human existence as the symbolic plague.The intimate understanding of the underlying tragedy of human existence brings an acute and painful awareness of man’s temporal bond with the world he lives in. This is what Camus calls â€Å"the other side of the coin’. The special resonance of Camus’ writing lies neither in its stern lucidity nor in its latent sensuality but in the equilibrium maintained between the two. Bleak and barren, mediocre and uninteresting, thes e modern metropolitan deserts, so utterly devoid of man-made beauty, of nature and of history, seem to symbolize the stifling prison of the 20th century mind itself. Herein perhaps lies the secret of their special attraction for Camus.In The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus had already described the ‘incalculable fall from the image we have of ourselves†, as a form of the consciousness of absurdity. Camus says, â€Å"Man, at bottom, is not entirely guilty, since he did not begin history, nor altogether innocent, since he continues it. Those who go beyond this limit and affirm their total innocence, end in the fury of definitive guilt†.At the conclusion of The Myth of Sisyphus, he writes: â€Å"The struggle toward the summits is enough to fill the heart of man. One must imagine that Sisyphus is happy†. If Camus has b been able to revitalize the theme of individual happiness, to snatch it from the jaws of habit and convention and make us fill its insistent pull on the human heart, it is not because he has any illusions on the subject. It is perhaps because Camus—one of the few French novelists of any stature have known the real meaning of the word ‘poverty’—has had an especially intimate experience of the obstacles standing in the way. Nietzsche often identified life itself with the will to power. Camus considers the ability to contradict in this world as an important spiritual force. We can draw a conclusion to this by a remark about The Myth of Sisyphus by Camus himself: â€Å"Although The Myth of Sisyphus poses moral problems, it sums itself for me as a lucid invitation to live and to create, in the very midst of the desert.†

Jonathan Roghubir. Ethics Of Engagment. Professor Genzale...

Jonathan Roghubir Ethics of Engagment Professor Genzale We live in a society where we must fit and understand social justice. Its justice in terms of how wealth is distributed and the different opportunities and privileges amongst the people. Viewing things in an ethical manner allows people to make decisions based on position of self and society. People all over transpire from many different ethnic backgrounds leaving the world very diverse. What people fail to realize is that not everyone can be the same. If that was the case it would be unusual to see different races, gender, and language. The things that make up our community is what makes us unique and stand out as a nation. People must not become blind to the things that make†¦show more content†¦They were all forces who saw that the world needed change and they each had their own ways in ensuring there was change. Malcolm X was a civil rights activist who used violence to make his voice be heard. He practices violence because he saw no power in verbal fights with people w ho seemed weak. Nelson Mandela was a civil rights activist but most famous for helping bring an end to apartheid. He led peaceful protest and the armed resistance movement. Mahatma Gandhi the leader of the Indian independence movement whose profound spiritually and belief in justice inspired the world. Gandhi revered the world over his nonviolent philosophy of passive resistance. Each of these activist goals were to end social injustices. Although they fought and died supporting civil rights to day discrimination is still evident. When we wake up to the news every morning to see how the world is changing in such a bad way. Immigrants still faces issues entering a country that they only came to, for better opportunities. Police brutality against minorities, the killings of the young and innocent. People who can’t be comfortable in their own skin because they are afraid of what this and that person might say. It is very disappointing knowing that so many people throughout our h istory fought for equality so that today the world would run peacefully and it is not the case.

The Between Utilitarianism And Deontology - 1345 Words

Throughout time, philosophers have asked the question: what is morally just? Immanuel Kant, the founder of Deontology, along with Jeremy Bentham and James Mills, the founders of Utilitarianism, all attempted to answer this question. Bentham and Mills’ Utilitarianism stresses maximizing pleasure and happiness in the world over pain and unhappiness. In contrast, Kant’s Deontology focuses on honoring duties and obligations. A moral action must be â€Å"considered right and good by most people† (Merriam-Webster). The way Kant proposes that one achieves happiness is overall superior to Utilitarianism because, by following Kant’s philosophy, one observes the majority s view of just action. Deontological philosophers believe in duty ethos because from an overall perspective it proves ethically just. The trolley scenario, the basics of both Utilitarianism and Deontology, and the flaws of Utilitarianism allows one to see the superiority of Deontology. The troll ey scenario highlights the differences between Utilitarianism and Deontology. Philosophers often use it as a tool to differentiate between the two philosophies. Sarah Bakewell of the New York Times wrote about the trolley scenario in 2013. She describes five men on a train track. They are tied up and cannot escape; they are facing death. She goes on to talk about a train hurtling toward them. She then gives the reader an ultimatum. She describes another track with only one person. The reader has the option to pull aShow MoreRelatedConsequentialism And Consequentialism : Virtue Ethics, Consequentialism, And Deontology1200 Words   |  5 Pagesethics, consequentialism, and deontology. In this essay, I will more concentrate on consequentialism, especially utilitarianism, and deontology to make compare and contrast analysis of each other and how each case works differently and causes divergent result in the same scenario. 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These theories focus on different philosophies or views that are used to either explain or make a judgment in regards to what is considered right or wrong in a given situation. To begin with, ethical theories help explain why an individual believes that an action is right or wrong. It gives one an understanding of how an individual chooses to make ethica l decisions. WhichRead MoreThe Philosophy : The Moral Life Essay1164 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the beginning of the semester, I had a general understanding of three major philosophies- Utilitarianism, Deontology, and Feminism. These three philosophies come up frequently in my life. I judge an event in which philosophy is the main focus. In addition, I like to use these three principles in my moral judgments and decisions. Reaching the end of this class and semester I can say that my knowledge of these three philosophies has expanded immensely. The critical, informational, and literaryRead MoreEthical Ethics And Normative Ethics1078 Words   |  5 Pagescoincide with. I believe that individuals are granted the perception of free will under a higher authority, but there are overarching human rights that should be abided by. Normative ethics can be separated into two categories, utilitarianism and deontology. Utilitarianism can be defined by Jeremy Bentham in the book The Elements of Moral Philosophy as â€Å"morality, he urged, is not a matter of pleasing God, nor is it a matter of faithfulness to abstract rules. Morality is nothing more than the attempt

Standardized Testing Should Not Be Used - 1330 Words

Standardized Testing Any child that is in any type of schooling knows what standardized testing is. It is required in every state of America, and not a single child likes it. In recent years a controversial issue has been weather or not standardized testing should be used to judge a person’s intelligence. On one hand, many people believe that standardized testing should not be used because they say it is not a good way to judge a person’s real-world intelligence. On the other hand, however, others argue that standardized testing is an excellent way to predict a person’sintelligence. A professor at the University of Delaware named Linda S. Gottfredson wrote an article explaining the pros of standardized testing. In this article she states that standardized tests are a great tool for finding out how intelligent an individual is. While many people agree with her on that they do not think that intelligence has a direct correlation with how well a person is able to p erform a job. Gottfredson disagrees with this statement by saying that studies have been done proving that people with higher IQs are able to perform their jobs better than someone who has a lower one. She also goes against the idea of job training is more important that intelligence. According to Gottfredson this statement is implausible. Gottfredson herself writes â€Å"It is not feasible to break the link between intelligence and performance in training. More intelligent people learn complex tasks and knowledge fasterShow MoreRelatedStandardized Testing Should Not Be Used1280 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized Testing Any child that is in any type of schooling knows what standardized testing is. It is required in every state of America, and not a single child likes it. In recent years a controversial issue has been weather or not standardized testing should be used to judge a person’s intelligence. On one hand, many people believe that standardized testing should not be used because they say it is not a good way to judge a person’s real-world intelligence. On the other hand, however, othersRead MoreEmphasis on Standardized Testing Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout ones educational career, students are required to take standardized tests to show their progress and if they meet certain requirements they could qualify them for higher educational opportunities. Some common standardized test include: Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), American College Testing (ACT), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), Missouri Assessment Program (MAP), and Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL). Standardized tests are designed so that each person taking the test has theRead MorePros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1126 Words   |  5 PagesEliminating Standardized Testing The practice of using standardized testing by schools over many years as a way of measuring student’s abilities and understanding of the material is slowly starting to change. Some schools in the New York State are shortening the test period to increase the class time as it â€Å"take(s) up too much class time, both in days of testing and in test preparation† (HARRIS). The student is usually given a limited time to complete a scantron-based test which will later be used by theRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing in Schools1399 Words   |  6 PagesViews on Standardized Testing Standardized testing has long been a controversial method of assessment in our schools. Such tests are important indicators of student achievement and aptitude. However, some standardized test scores have been misused as a manner in which to track students, allocate school funds, and even determine teacher pay. Standardized tests, when used appropriately and for the right reasons, can adequately determine a students present level of strengths and weaknesses and hisRead MoreStandardized Testing Is The Best Answer For Students985 Words   |  4 Pages Standardized testing in the United States education system went from a onetime only test called Compass test and has become a once a year maybe more test called the MEAP. There is much debate as to whether this frequency of testing is the best answer for students. This reoccurring testing can teach students valuable skills that would benefit the students later in life. People worry that every child is not the same and some test better than others, while others claim test taking is a skillRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not Beneficial1702 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized Testing In the world today standardized testing is mandatory in all schools whether they are public or private. If schools continue to make these test mandatory, students grades will show the reflection of what they are not learning. The school might also receive less state funding due to poor performance on these tests. Once No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was introduced US students slipped from 18th in the world in math in 2000 to 31st in 2009 (Standardized). Standardized testingRead MoreEvaluating The Utilization Of Standardized Testing Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pages There is much debate circulating around how the affairs of the american educational system should be conducted, specifically regarding the utilization of standardized testing. Supporters of standardized testing view it was an objective way to evaluate student achievement across the globe. (Jain, L. Role and Benefits of..) According to the US Department of Education,†If teachers cover subject matter required by th e standards and teach it well, then students will master the material on which theyRead MoreStudent Assessment - The Importance of Standardized Testing Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe point here is that standardized testing is necessary to evaluate students and programs achievement or ability. In my opinion it is a good basic start to understanding the development of human- kind in many aspects. For example, in a school setting, standardizing tests are used to measure developmental stages or reading levels, just to name a few. School Psychologist and Counselors use standardizing testing to look at the development of students. They will agree severe disabilities to be initiallyRead MoreAre Standardized Exams Sufficient as a Test of Knowledge?1186 Words   |  5 Pagesbrought up in the system of education is whether standardized exams are a good way to test the knowledge of a student and whether they should be given in a school to determine if a child advances. Standardized exams are a subject many people feel very strongly about. Some believe that it is stressful and time consuming; others consider that it can be beneficial. I believe that standardized exams should not be given to students and should not be used to determine the knowledge of students or advancementRead MoreUsing Standardized Testing Within Our Education System1455 Words   |  6 PagesFilling in Bubbles is Useless Standardized testing is used excessively in the United States to determine where a student should be placed. It determines what classes a student should take, how the school is scoring as a whole, and even provides information on how well a teacher is teaching the material. However, there seems to be a huge argument on whether this type of testing is actually beneficial. One controversial argument is that it only proves how well a student is able to memorize the material

The Moral Integrity Of Huckleberry Finn - 1281 Words

Grant Palmer October 18, 2017 ENGL – 2130 The Moral Integrity of Huckleberry Finn Morality is most often defined as â€Å"the principles concerning a distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.† A choice will always be made that defines a character and their moral integrity. In Mark Twain’s novel, â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, Huck runs into many situations where he or another character are put into a position in which morality is called into question. This proves that regardless of societies influences and expectations, for Huck to do what is right he must test the morals he has learned from his world and society. Through his reflections, Huck makes some poor choices that are against what he has been taught, giving him†¦show more content†¦He says, â€Å"Dey’s two angels hoverin’ roun’ ‘bout him. One uv’em is white en shiny, eb ‘tother one is black. De white one gits him to go right, a little while, den de black one sail in en bust it all up† (Twain 141). This is the general idea related with morality. It connects to the expectations of the society where right and wrong influences how the people act in their normal lives. This can also be represented by the murders on the ship and how they decide not to kill Jim Turner, but say that it â€Å"ain’t good sense, it ain’t good morals† (172). The characters and how they live reflect the way that, not only how their society views them but also separate the view of the righteous and devout against the moral unjust. Clearly, Huck’s society portrays what is morally okay and yet Huck starts to question the uncertainty of the community. For instance, as Huck starts to progress and notice the wrongs of his society and his father is also challenged to progress based on the town and their goals. Twain describes this kind rehab by saying that â€Å"The new judge brought Huck’s father to his own home, cleaned him up, fed him and even got him to admit his faults and yet he reverts back to his old habits† (144). Huck’s father obviously is showing signs of uncertainty despite the revelation of his life, he is constantly trending back towards his old habits. The Judge even says that â€Å"he felt kind of sore. He said he reckoned a body could reform the oldShow MoreRelated The Integrity and Strength of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe Integrity and Strength of Huckleberry Finn  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When one is young they must learn from their parents how to behave. A childs parents impose societys unspoken rules in hope that one day their child will inuitivly decerne wrong from right and make decisions based on their own judgment. These moral and ethical decisions will affect one for their entire life. In Mark Twains, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck is faced with the decision of choosing to regard all he has been taughtRead MoreEssay about Huck Finn1567 Words   |  7 PagesHuck Finn Throughout the ages The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a treasured novel to people of all ages. For young adults the pure adventuresome properties of the book captivates and inspires wild journeys into the unknown. The book appeals to them only as a quest filled with danger and narrow escapes. It is widely considered â€Å"that children of 12 or so are a little too young to absorb the book’s complexities† (Galileo: Morrow). However, as readers mature and become older, theyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1164 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain writes about the events in Huckleberry Finn’s life and the people around him. 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This couple, along with others, disregarded the norm of opposing interracial relationships, and above all chose love as the only thing that matters. In the play, Othello by Willi am Shakespeare, the book Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and the article, â€Å"The MeaningRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain follows juvenile Huckleberry Finn, the protagonist of the novel, and his companion, Jim, on their journey to seek refugee from society. Twain portrays Huckleberry as an astute and stalwart young man, whose personal sense of morality overrides society’s insular prejudices and focuses, instead, on his own integrity and values. Throughout the novel, Huck faces a number of situations that test his ability to decipher between right and wrong, despiteRead MoreMorality in Huckleberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesmakes that defines their moral integrity in a literary work and distinguishes them as the hero. In Mark Twain’s story, â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, not only does Huck encounters a number of moral cir cumstances where he or other characters displays situations in which moral ethics is called to questioned, but it proves that despite the religious influence and social expectation, it is through Huck that in order to do what is morally right, one must challenge the moral teaching of the world. ThroughRead MoreChanging Views And The Changing Blues1657 Words   |  7 Pages Cameron- 4th Hour Honors American Literature 9 January 2015 The Changing Views and The Changing Blues Mark Twain himself had this to say about his novel: Huckleberry Finn is a book of mine about a boy with a sound heart and a deformed conscience that come into conflict...and conscience suffers defeat.† In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his view of society starts out as naà ¯ve and childish, but as he experiences life on the Mississippi, he grows into a man with a realistic standpoint of what

Wuthering Heights-the Structure and Style Transcend the Time Free Essays

Wuthering Heights —— The Structure and Style Transcend the Time Emily Bronte describes the principal human conflict as one between the individual and the dark, questioning universe, a universe symbolized, in Wuthering Heights, both by man’s threatening and inner nature, and by nature in its more impersonal sense, the wild lonesome mystery of the moors. The structure and narrative style of Wuthering Heights transcend her time. Emily didn’t follow the regular and secular romantic writing techniques at that time, in contrast, she surpassed and created some new skills which modern readers are apt to understand and love. We will write a custom essay sample on Wuthering Heights-the Structure and Style Transcend the Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this article, you will find the following six aspects of the writing style, including the approach of the story’s center step by step with spiral circle, the end echoes the beginning, symbolism of the two generations, the love which makes the negative turn to be positive, the dark satanic hero, and the alternant emotion with contradiction throughout the whole story. Emily has written a novel which seeks to move ever closer to the center of a unique and remarkable human relationship, and the very structure of her book emphasizes this movement. In Chapter One, for example, readers are as far as possible from the heart of the story’s experience due to the innocent guesses of Lockwood (the narrator or diarist). However, later chapters move progressively closer to the heart of the story, and the beginning, with its subtle suggestions of an old tragedy and with Lockwood’s naive judgments of Heathcliff, will come to be prophetic. Therefore, the plot of Wuthering Heights is not sequential and linear, but described as a spiral circle compared with other coetaneous novels. That is to say, readers have been always following Lockwood to circle around the center of the story step by step, until the origin of the tragedy vividly comes in front of their eyes. In spite of the spiral circle, the end echoes the beginning, which is another exquisite narrative technique, capture readers’ hearts. The last chapter tells of Heathcliff’s slow disintegration and death. The death itself is preceded by a fasting, reminiscent of the fasting which precipitated Catherine’s final illness. Because Heathcliff is described as robust and healthy shortly before his sudden decline, we suppose that it is his overwhelming desire or will to die and to return to his beloved Catherine, the thought of which â€Å"lights his face with a strange joy†(Wuthering Heights 137) for days, that really kills him, and not the mere abstinence from food. The structure of the book achieves an almost perfect symmetry in the death of Heathcliff. And the end of the novel as at the beginning, the master spirit is staring out into a storm, searching for Catherine. Emily Bronte features similar destiny about the two generations, but different endings of them. She describes this kind of symbolism by giving the names Catherine and Linton. Both Catherine (Catherine Earnshaw and Catherine Linton) marries Linton (Edgar Linton and Linton Heathcliff), who they don’t love most. The mother Catherine dies before the book is half over, but her spirit continues to rage in the turbulent air of Wuthering Heights, haunting Heathcliff, and also returns, healthily subdued, in her daughter Cathy. The daughter finally gains happiness which stretches over two generations. And we may say that these two Catherine can be considered as one person who is also the heroine throughout the whole story. The other is about Linton. Linton Heathcliff, who is â€Å"a nervous, sickly, effeminate child, weak-willed and petulant like his mother, and, like her, the pitiful victim and tool of his father† (Wuthering Heights 112)inherits disadvantages from both sides of his parents——the peevishness and self-pity of the mother and the bad temper of the father. It is ironic but the symbolism is clear. Hate is barren. Contrast to hatred, the love in this novel is also particular. Heathcliff and Catherine suffer from the separation for many years even after the heroine’s death. Only death can bring them together because of those insurmountable social and conceptual gaps even though Catherine’s nature is â€Å"a nature that is one with Heathcliff’s† (Wuthering Heights 58). Heathcliff’s whole life is an embodiment of the force of evil. Contemplating his history is like peering at a beloved film of a picture: everything that should be dark is fading and everything that should be light is covered with darkness. Heathcliff and Catherine love each other by inflicting pain on one another instead of permitting pleasure. They did not live together when they were alive; they could love together after they died. They sustained themselves not by eating but by refusing to eat. It is Emily Bronte’s triumph as novelist that as her book proceeds, the negative becomes positive. Even in the end, through the rumors, â€Å"Catherine and Heathcliff walk the moors at night and even appear within the house at Wuthering Heights. (Wuthering Heights 140) They finally get together after they died and the negative death turns to a positive and extricable ending. And about the typical hero of the novel, Heathcliff is one of the most attractive characters in the history. To answer the question why he is so popular, it should be attributed to the black description of this â€Å"dark Satanic† hero. â€Å"Heathcliff, of course, is frequently compared to a demon by the other characters in the book. † (Sparknotes: Literature Study Guides: Wuthering Heights: Analysis of Major Characters) At first glance he may seem entirely wicked, even a criminal. The vicious way in which he destroys Hindley and brutalizes Isabella suggests that he is a man for whom sympathy ought to be impossible. Yet Emily Bronte manages her dark hero a sympathetic figure. When he has gone so far as to drive Lockwood out into the storm alone, there comes one of the overwhelmingly lyric moments in the novel as Heathcliff leans far out of the window and implores the spirit of Catherine to come in. The depth of feeling, the compassion of which Heathcliff is plainly capable in this scene, forces us to reconsider our judgment of the man. Without question he is brutal, but just as plainly he has within him the potential for great tenderness and love. Obviously, this potential has been destroyed somewhere along the line, and those readers, their interest aroused in how this could have happened, read on. Besides the hero, Heathcliff, who we love to hate, the fluctuation of alternant emotion is also a point of contradiction throughout the novel — — violent but dreamlike, brutal but romantic, fanatical but gloomy, all of these consist of a piece of deserted wilderness with mysterious beauty. Readers easily feel lost into the anxiety and disturbance that Emily delivered to them, as well as the desire to explore the ins and outs of the whole story under an intangible force. And the last paragraph that Lockwood said to himself in the end of the novel gives readers a peaceful and harmonious aftertaste despite of all the thrilling revenge and love. â€Å"Under that benign sky; watched the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells; listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass; and wondered how anyone could ever imagine unquiet slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth. The metaphor here is about the hard â€Å"heath†, which is a part of Heathcliff, comparing with soft wind, in order to leave hope for readers. The six aspects above can be divided into two parts: the structure and the characters which of both have been created surpassing the time of Emily Bronte. On one hand, the spiral circle and the correlation between the end and the beginning, is th e key to the structure of the novel. The book begins in 1801, on the very rim of the tale, long after the principal incidents of the story have taken place. Readers are far from the heart of the novel in the first pages, however, blundering along with the guide Lockwood later. Gradually we spiral in toward the center. But neither Lockwood nor Dean is unperceptive and we must struggle hard before we can actually achieve the true center of the novel, the passionate last meeting of Heathcliff and Cathy in which, for a moment, we are permitted to stare into the heart of the fiery furnace. On the other hand, about the most powerful character in the novel, the darkness and violence that was in Heathcliff from the beginning, is in every man. And because this darkness is so primal and so universal, it can never be overcome. It persists, implacable and unchangeable, a comment not just on one man’s special sorrow but on every man’s dark heritage. That is why a dark Satan is more attractive than a pure Angel in readers’ hearts. And Heathcliff is a powerful figure not only because he is rooted in the traditions of his own time, from which he draws strength, but also because he makes a universal statement about man’s nature, which continues to strike readers today as remarkably fresh and modern. Therefore, no matter the structure or the character that attracts lots of readers in history, the remarkable sense of the privacy of human experience, is clearly the central vision of Wuthering Heights and it is always being transcending the time. Works Cited Bronte, Emily, Wuthering Heights, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2005 Gui Tuoqing, Selected Readings in English and American Literature, Beijing: China Foreign language Translation Press, 1985 Wuthering Heights, http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/wuthering/canalysis. html , , : ,1994 , , : ,2000 How to cite Wuthering Heights-the Structure and Style Transcend the Time, Papers

Activities in the Workplace

Question: Discuss about the Report for Activities in the Workplace. Answer: Introduction Workstation amenities and services are thing provide for the fitness, care welfare and personal cleanness needs employees. They contain seating dining room toilets change room and washing facilities. Toilets is a basic health welfare privacy and dignity .Not on that this time the office hour is many shift so every worker are not carry the food that reason the worker need to serving food. Eating rooms provide a clean area and a place from work atmosphere for rest breaks and the consumption of food .This reduces the likelihood of food being contaminated by substances used in effort processes. Private storage for the secure and clean loading of personal belongings or dress lockable where necessary Assisting with a bed bath or shower Every work place is a vital place for worker. Many worker come from far away. Every worker need more help with regular activity such as washing and bathing and personal care because many worker are night shift and day shift in office.so personal care, shower, and bed bath is very important (Jjemba, 2008).Personal hygiene may be described as the principal of clearness are grooming for the external body. Not only personal hygiene shower is a most important because worker are hard duty in office shower is a refreshment so when worker is tried on duty they are fresh. We all have our own routine for personal care when we get up in the morning. Many worker are going to office in the morning and they are fresh shower and personal hygiene in the office. Workers who assume labor that requires strenuous power leave them muddy or smelly or could expose them to infectious agent or other contaminants need to have access to shower before departure work (Springthorpe, 1929). Assisting a dependent resident Assisting dependent resident with eating a meal is very important because worker is very tried to work. Sometime they are relief when lunch time the worker need assisting are take food on hand (Bates and Byker Shanks, 2015).when the meeting hour many worker are tried and they are always mental pressure that time worker need a assisting resident .Food and drink helping and related worker are working in restaurants, school refectories and other dining place .labor shift often include first morning late-night evening weekdays and holydays .Food and beverage helping and related employee are the front line of client service in cafes refectories and other food service establishment. Manly the I.T sector have night shift they are not possible to carry food so this I.T worker dependent resident with eating a male. When worker are so busy in office they could not the lunch time this time they order in the room and food service on the table (Food and service management survey, 2005). When the worker was a night shift sometime he/she was tried and they want to tea for relax this time the service man serve the tea on the table. So now it is urgent for every work place. References Bates, K. and Byker Shanks, C. (2015). Placement of a take-out container during meal influences energy intake.Eating Behaviors, 19, pp.181-183. Food and service management survey. (2005).Nutrition Food Science, 35(6). Jjemba, P. (2008).Pharma-ecology. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Springthorpe, J. (1929). PERSONAL HYGIENE AND MEDICAL EDUCATION.BMJ, 1(3555), pp.374-375.

Counter Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect free essay sample

Counter Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect As well as being warmed by shortwave radiation from the Sun, the Earths surface is significantly heated by the long wave radiation emitted by the atmosphere and absorbed by the ground. Lets look at this in more detail. The energy flows between the surface, atmosphere, and space. Some of this radiation is reflected back to space, but much is absorbed, warming the surface. Meanwhile, the Earths surface emits long-wave radiation upwards. Some of this radiation escapes directly to space, while the remainder is absorbed by the tmosphere. What about long-wave radiation emitted by the atmosphere? Although the atmosphere is colder than the surface, it also emits long-wave radiation, which is emitted in all directions, and so some radiates upward to space while the remainder radiates downward toward the Earths surface. We call this downward flow counter radiation. It replaces some of the heat emitted by the surface. We will write a custom essay sample on Counter Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Counter radiation depends strongly on the presence of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere. Remember that much of the long-wave radiation emitted pward from the Earths surface is absorbed by these two gases. This absorbed energy raises the temperature of the atmosphere, causing it to emit more counter radiation. So, the lower atmosphere, with its long-wave-absorbing gases, acts like a blanket that traps heat underneath it. Cloud layers, which are composed of tiny water droplets, are even more important than carbon dioxide and water vapor in producing a blanketing effect because liquid water is also a strong absorber of long-wave radiation. This mechanism, in which the atmosphere traps long-wave radiation and eturns it to the surface through counter radiation, is termed the greenhouse effect. Unfortunately, the term greenhouse is not quite accurate. Like the atmosphere, the window glass in a greenhouse is transparent to solar shortwave radiation while absorbing and reradiating long-wave radiation. But a greenhouse is warmed mainly by keeping the warm air inside the greenhouse from mixing with the outside air, not by counter radiation from the glass. Although energy may change its form from shortwave to long-wave radiation or to sensible heat or latent heat, it cannot be reated or destroyed. Like a household budget of income and expenses, the energy flows between the Sun and the Earths atmosphere and surface must balance over the long term. The global energy budget helps us understand how global change might affect the Earths climate. For example, suppose that clearing forests for agriculture and turning agricultural lands into urban and suburban areas decreases surface albedo. In that case, more energy would be absorbed by the ground, raising its temperature. That, in turn, would increase the flow of surface long-wave radiation to the atmosphere,

Steven Spielberg Biography Essays - English-language Films, Jaws

Steven Spielberg Biography Rob Martinelle American Literature C Block Research Paper: Final Draft 18 May, 1999 Steven Spielberg: Revolutionary and Visionary Who would have thought that a brilliant career in filmmaking could have originated with a modest jar of Skippy Peanut Butter smeared on a neighbor's window in a tiny Cincinnati suburb? One might not think that such an average boyhood prank could evolve a boy into a man who would become the most financially successful film director in history. Well, that is exactly where Leah Spielberg, Steven Spielberg's mother, would trace her son's initial entry into becoming one of our nation's most creative storytellers. ?His badness was so original,? she recalls (Stein 3). Steven Spielberg, the only child of Leah and Arnold Spielberg, was born on December 18, 1946 at the beginning of the Baby Boom years in Cincinnati, Ohio. It does not take a great stretch of the imagination to see that Steven's film influences were derived from his father's experience as a World War II veteran and computer technician and his mother's past profession as a concert pianist. The love and amount of technology, history, and music within Steven's films can all be traced back to his early life with his family. While many men returning from war never want to reiterate their experiences, Steven's father seemed to be an exception. Steven said of his father, ? he intoxicated me with bedtime stories about the war. His stories were like the war movies I was watching on television, all worthy of cameo appearances by John Wayne? (Stein 1). It is no wonder that at the age of twelve Steven's first film, Fighter Squad, was filmed on a WWII fighter plane (Corliss 79). However, when Steven was unable to find certain props or realistic backdrops, he simulated dogfights and plane crashes by editing in footage from a WWII documentary. Only a year later, in 1960, he featured the war family Jeep in his second film, Escape to Nowhere, which was an action picture in which GIs invaded a Nazi hideout in the Libyan Desert. Since his family had moved to Arizona in 1960, the Arizona desert near his house would easily replicate the simulation of the Libyan Desert. It is clear that Steven's love and knowledge of vis ual effects began many years before his creation of a mechanical great white shark in 1975. There have been many incidents throughout Steven's childhood that have made it into his films. At the age of six, Steven's father awoke him to witness a meteor shower in the middle of the night (Stein 2). In time this event would also find its way into his 1977 film, Close Encounters of the Third Kind. The grin of a clown, a deadly tree outside a window, and being afraid at night, all out of 1982's Poltergeist, were all born out of Steven's real childhood phobias (5). Influence for films such as 1993's Academy Award winning drama/documentary Schindler's List could be attributed Steven growing up in a Jewish family. Steven has recalled that during his days in school he felt discriminated from others for being apart of the only Jewish family within the whole community (Graham 530). During the Christmas season, he would be embarrassed that his family's house would be the only one without lights or decorations. When his father offered to place a menorah in the window, Steven responded, ?No!?People will think we're Jewish? (Graham 528). Steven has claimed to have learned his numbers as a toddler with the help of a concentration camp survivor who pointed out the numerals tattooed on his arm. However, it was at high school, where he was first exposed to anti-Semitic behavior. He would suffer verbal and sometimes physical abuse from other students. Making movies was definitely an escape for Steven who told the New York Post, ?I enjoy the sense of being transported and no longer thinking anyone is in the audience? (529). ?Nearly three years after finishing Escape to Nowhere, he made his first feature-length film Firelight. It was a two-and-a-half-hour science fiction epic about an investigation of mysterious lights in the sky. However, it was also a look at a rocky marriage. Could the couple within the film have been Arnold and Leah who

Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Research Paper Example

Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Research Paper Example Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Paper Memory Reconstruction and False Memories Paper There are a number of serious social problems in the society today which include childhood sexual abuse among other crimes. When these occur, sometimes it is possible for the memories to be hidden in the unconscious as the mind tends to block scary episodes of abuse or the whole of childhood and resurface later in adulthood. The quality of these memories differ from one individual to the other, where they can be detailed and vivid or very faint sometimes and mostly tell of events occurring in early childhood or adolescence. At times, these memories are thought not to be true but just a recollection of the things said by others. Recovered Memory Therapy (RMT), which was initially used, has been found to lack proper validity and is therefore termed as toxic therapy (Robinson, 2008). The following paper will discuss false memory in relation to recent research performed concerning it. False Memory One of the most haunting psychological experiences is repression which occurs when the mind pushes shocking experience to an inaccessible unconscious position. At times, however this may later reoccur into consciousness as a condition referred to as false memory syndrome which is defined as the memory of an imagined event normally traumatic and previously occurring (Stedmans medical dictionary, 2006). False memories occur as a byproduct of the cognitive system functioning in the effort to escape from self awareness. A good example is the occurrence of some memories of childhood sexual abuse after repression for about 20 to 40 years which led to suing of alleged perpetrators who were mainly family members and household workers (Loftus, 1993). Although the authenticity of regressed memory is questioned, the details and confidence often associated with it form the basis of psychoanalysis and is used in an increasing number of civil law suits. This is because childhood is an important concept of psychoanalysis as it is the stage of attachment and forms an example that sets an emotional stage of later relationships (Braun, Ellis, Loftus, 2002). In addition, the symptoms associated such as inflicted injury also add up as evidence. Through counseling and therapeutic intervention, normally the memories resurface when the victims enter psychotherapy due to various related factors. In these circumstances the therapists use RMT to recover memories that involve various recollections of real events which happened during childhood. It is based on the belief traumatic memories like sexual abuse in childhood are forgotten or repressed and recovered during therapy (Robinson, 2008). From these clinical points it was noted that repression constituted overwhelming and obvious proof hence accurate. However, some psychiatrics dispute these theories terming them as empirical and lack experimental scientific confirmation. Some controversies also arise when accused deny the charges by the adults resulting in the questioning about who is telling the truth and who is lying (Loftus, 1993). Generation of False Memory The accuracy of these memories might be deter red by internally derived defense mechanism such as fantasy, illusions, and screen memories that are mediated by hallucinations, borrowed ideas, characters and myths or externally derived from a therapist’s or special relation’s unintentional suggestion implantation. Moreover, popular writings which influence the creation of memories through the steps they provide and suggestions of a therapist, who at times do not take no for an answer and use dreams, often lead to the creation of theses memories. Additionally, they inclusion of age regression, guided visualization, writing in trance, body work and hypnosis and the fact that therapy takes place in private makes it difficult to follow what takes place (Loftus E. , 1995). This is depicted in a study conducted by Loftus and Pickrell, (Macrae et. al. , 2002 ) where most participants were persuaded by their suggestions and encouraged on having done a particular thing in their childhood such as getting lost in a shopping center and being rescued by an aged person. Most of the people then elaborated and produced evidence on these false experiences uniquely, thus creating alternatives to reality. Such instances include memory of non existent objects or totally different situations. Marketers, through advertising can also cause the creation of such memories by taking advantage of the memory’s reconstructive nature (Robinson, 2008). In this way, a consumer may think that he has participated in an event whereas they only viewed an advert of the event (Macrae et. al. , 2002 ). Due to the impact of false memories especially when used in courts, a number of investigations have been done concerning creation of false memory through exposure to misinformation which causes distortion to the memory. These evidences have been provided by private investigators that go undercover into offices of therapists pretending to be patients. Although all recovered memories may not be authentic, it is not true to say that they are all false. According to new research, recovered memory is a very extraordinary condition which should only be believed if clear evidence is presented. Researchers argue that most of them are not related to real events. Generally, it is believed that memories of occurrences before the age of 2 years cannot be recovered as they cannot be remembered into adulthood while those below the age of three years are uncommon and unreliable. Therefore, claims of some adults about occurrences related to abuse below the age of six months are absolutely unfounded hence false memory. It has also been discovered that people who experience abuse after the ages of four or five rarely forget them. In addition, studies performed on people who have suffered terrible childhood abuse such as kidnapping and watching their parents’ killing reflect their desire to forget them without success as opposed regression (Braun, Ellis, Loftus, 2002). Conclusion The performance of unproven and experimental RMT on clients led to numerous destroyed families which were never recovered hence a lot of human suffering and preventable suicide which could have been avoided through proper and careful design of publicized studies. It has since been abandoned by counselors and therapists. In addition more evidence should be provided in cases of memory repression to prevent false claims. List of References Braun, K. A. , Ellis, R. , Loftus, E. F. (2002). Make My Memory. Psychology Marketing . 19(1), 1–23. New York, USA: John Wiley Sons. Loftus, E. F. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychologist . 48, 518-537. Loftus, E. , 1995. Remembering Dangerously. March / April 19(2). Retrieved from The Committee for Sceptical Inquiry: csicop. org/si/show/remembering_dangerously/ on 26th July, 2010. Macrae, C. N. , Schloerscheidt, A. M. , Bodenhausen, G. V. , Milne, A. B. , 2002). Creating Memory Illusions: Expectancy-Based Processing and the Generation of False Memories. Memory . 10(1), 63–80. Robinson, B. (2008, September 3). Repression of Childhood Memories. Retrieved from Religious tolerance: religioustolerance. org/rmt_ofte. htm on 26th July , 2010. Stedmans medical dictionary, 2006. Definition. False Memory Syndrome . Pennsylvania, USA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

New Aldonias Admission to the United Nations Assignment

New Aldonias Admission to the United Nations - Assignment Example l States that love peace and those that accept the obligations documented in the UN Charter; in the organization’s judgment, are capable of carrying out these obligations. From the history evidenced in New Aldonia, it is quite satisfying that this State has tried its best to keep peace through fighting for their independence, thus showing they respect the rights of their citizens, giving a reason enough to be admitted to the United Nations. According to the Montevideo Convention initiated in 1933 on Statehood, the criteria are: a defined territory; the capacity to relate well with different nations; a permanent population, and a government (Fassbender 36). New Aldonia meets all these conventions and there is no reason enough to exclude its membership. The legal and political existence of New Aldonia is independent of recognition by other nations. Even before recognition, New Aldonia has the right to protect its independence and integrity, since it provides its prosperity and conservation. New Aldonia should organize itself as it sees fit, to enact upon its interests, for the reason that it has already defined the competence and jurisdiction of its courts, and also administered its services to justify that UN should admit

Equity and Trusts Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Equity and Trusts Assignment - Case Study Example The second general point is that in order for any trust provision to be valid, it must comply with the rule set out in Knight v Knight2 by Lord Langdale MR. This states that there must be three certainties in the trust provision, certainty of words, certainty of subject matter and certainty of objects.3 The certainty of words requirement was described in Re Kayford Ltd.4 as being akin to a certainty of intention. The intention is to impose a mandatory obligation on the trustees of how the trust property is to be dealt with. Regarding certainty of subject matter I do no see any issues. English law has long recognised the distinction between real and personal property, with real property being land, interests in land, and fixtures.6 Coupled with the condition that the property be in England and Wales, this description would allow for a clear identification of the trust property. Per Ungoed-Thomas, in Re Golay7 as long as property is capable of ascertainment, it will be valid. Regarding certainty of objects, if this is a discretionary trust then the requirement, as set out by the House of Lords in Macphail v Doulton8 is that it must be possible to determine whether any individual is within the class of beneficiaries or not, with absolute certainty. The Court of Appeal further clarified this requirement by stating9 that what was required with a discretionary trust was 'conceptual certainty' of the class. 'Evidential certainty' would then only be required for the members of the class that were actually to benefit, and the rest of the class, or the 'complete list' of beneficiaries need not be defined. However, since it states that the proceeds are to be distributed equally, it could also be a fixed trust, in which case the stricter requirement, known as 'complete list' certainty is required10. This means that there must be 'conceptual certainty' regarding who is or can potentially be a beneficiary. As well as this, there must be 'evidential certainty' identifying clearly, every single member of the class. Only if full certainty is present in both of these senses, will the trust be upheld as certain of objects. In this case, it should not be too difficult to establish who are the grandchildren of Marcus and therefore this provision should be successful. My shares in Delta to be sold and the proceeds, at the discretion of my trustees, to the employees and ex-employees of Delta. According to the beneficiary principle, 'for a trust to be valid it must be for the benefit of individuals'.11 This follows the simple logic that without beneficiaries, there is no owner of the property. This is the basic reason why purpose trusts, trusts that have as their goal some purpose other than the direct benefit of persons, are also invalid. However, in Re Denley's Trust Deed12 it was held that the maintenance of property for the benefit of

History and Features of Snooker

History and Features of Snooker Snooker: A game you will grow to love History of snooker   Ã‚   A great man named Neville Chamberlain came up with the idea of snooker in the late 19th century. He was playing a game of billiards when his opponent could not hit the shot he wanted to and Neville Chamberlain suddenly shouted out snooker. Chamberlain also made a comment about another player who missed a shot calling him a real snooker which referred to his lack of experience. From there, the exquisite, logical and composed game of snooker we have today was born. What is Snooker? Snooker is a game played by two or more players against each other. The aim is to defeat the other player by potting more balls to earn more points and subsequently win the game. Snooker involves using a white coloured ball which is known as a cue ball; this is used to strike other coloured balls with a cue stick. In snooker, there are red coloured balls which are worth 1 point and one coloured ball of each; yellow, green, brown, blue, pink and black. The coloured balls are worth different points, the red ball is worth 1 point, yellow is worth 2, green is worth 3, brown is worth 4, blue is worth 5, pink is worth 6 and the black is the worth the highest by a staggering 7 points. Quite simple to understand, no? How the game is played Each player has one turn unless they pot a ball in; then they continue until they miss a shot. The game starts off by a person opening a frame. The player does this by breaking. A break can mean two things; the first meaning of break is to start off the game at the first moment. The second meaning is when you score a break; this is when you continually start potting balls and scoring maximum breaks. The break when you start off the game is achieved by striking a cue ball to hit a red ball. If the red ball goes in, the player earns one point and does not lose his turn. If the ball does not go in, the other player is allowed to come to the table to have a go at earning some points. If the white ball goes in a pocket it is considered as a foul and the other person is awarded four points. Terms in snooker Touching ball A touching ball can only happen when the cue ball is touching a red ball. In this situation, you can hit any other coloured ball or you can hit another red ball without moving the ball the white ball is touching. If the ball moves, a foul is called and the other player is awarded four points. Then, it is up to the player who is awarded the points to choose whether they would like the player to retake the exact same shot or whether they would like to continue themselves. Some players purposefully make the white ball touch the red so the opponent has difficulty in hitting another red. Suppose you wouldnt want to be in that situation, would you? A snooker The term a snooker is when the player cannot hit the ball they intend to hit because they cannot see it. This can happen when the white ball is behind the cushion or when the white ball is behind another ball. Again, if the player misses the ball they would like to hit, it is a foul and the other person is awarded four points or more depending on which ball he intends to strike. A snooker is considered as a really high standard shot, because it can decide whether a player wins or loses the game. Worry not, this is not as daunting as it sounds. Old legends of snooker Steve Davis, a renowned legend won 28 ranking titles, just about doubling the amount Joe Davis won. He was born in 1957 and turned professional in 1978. He had made a 147-maximum break in the Lada Classic 1982. In 1980, Steve Davis won the World Championship six times in a row and was ranked World Number one for seven seasons in a row; he was invincible. Another legend worth mentioning is Alex Higgins who was born in 1949 and turned professional in 1971. He had only won the World Championship twice but that was enough for the crowd to love and cheer him on. His nickname was The Hurricane because of the speed in which pot balls. Sadly, Alex Higgins, one of snookers all-time greatest died in July 2010 after a long battle against throat cancer. His fellow companions even raised  £20,000 just so he could have a surgery to stay alive but unfortunately his time had passed. He will always be remembered as snookers greatest champion. My Favourite legend in snooker A legend I hold close to my heart has to be Alex Higgins through and through. If anyone was to ask me, who is the best player in snookers history, I will always say Alex The Hurricane Higgins. He had a real love and tangible passion for the game and he wanted to be the best and excel in every aspect. I aspire to have the same dedication and qualities of commitment that were depicted in his games. Even through the stages of fighting throat cancer, he would hold a snooker cue and would watch other children and adults playing the game he loved. This elucidates the love he had for the game. The Hurricane leaves us with great memories of his brilliance and charisma on the table and was a living embodiment of success. .

Welch Case Study

This particular case discusses whether General Electric fulfilled its Corporate Social Responsibility under the leadership of Jack Welsh or if it just met basic obligations. It also displays the evolving idea of social responsibility in a corporation by contrasting the corporation’s actions during Welsh’s leadership and after Welsh retired. It is shown that Welsh had a classical economic view of social responsibility. General Electric followed a traditional business model while Welsh was working and a progressive business model after he retired. He used a cutthroat ranking system based off of social Darwinism in order to sort out the â€Å"best† of his employees. Lastly, it displays that norms and principles are always changing according to corporate social responsibility and that corporations should act in response to those changes.1. I do not believe that GE in the Welch era fulfilled their duty of corporate social responsibility. They did not avoid harming the environment because they dumped toxins into the Hudson River. During the Welch era, GE did not make any efforts to enhance any societal assets; they only supplied the minimum of what they needed to create wealth for the company. They did not try to protect their employees or go beyond what is necessary. Many pressures, including the vitality curve evaluation system, were purely performance driven.Though job cuts are necessary for the survival for a business, it seemed like they treated their employees as a resource instead of human beings. For example, the GE Pension Fund could have provided retirees and their unions with more benefits but instead Welch wanted to leave the pension plan overfunded to benefit the corporation. He failed to attribute any credit to GE’s former employees for the company’s success.General Electric’s corporate social responsibility could have been done in a much better way. First, they could aim to prevent environmental damage caused b y their company. If they could not prevent environmental damage entirely then they could at least perform actions to decrease any harm previously done. Then they change the evaluation system by â€Å"loosening the reigns† and making the system less callous. This would prevent any  unnecessary pressure from being forced onto employees. This change would improve teamwork and decrease backstabbing.It will also allow for more diversity at the top and would help prevent any once middle range managers from being cut. GE could have evaluated employees and then restructured their hierarchy by placing the more talented managers at the top instead of solely using a â€Å"firing† system. Finally, Welsh should have also kept his personal opinions separate from his business world. Though Welsh could have disliked overweight people, he should not have treated overweight people differently in the workplace.2. Yes, I think that GE under Welsh displays a view of corporate social resp onsibility that is closer to Friedman’s view. Welsh shared Friedman’s view that spending corporate funds on social projects diverts shareholder’s dollars to programs they may not even favor. Welsh consistently gave back to GE’s shareholders but neglected to create any funds for social projects. GE under Welsh’s era only focused solely on the first inner circle of responsibilities.The inner circle includes responsibility for efficient execution of the economic function resulting in products, jobs, and economic growth. GE clearly executed this inner circle of responsibility by being extremely profitable, paying taxes, enriching shareholders, and making many of its directors and managers multimillionaires in GE stock. In GE Welsh did not practice an intermediate circle of responsibility because it did not exercise its economic function with a sensitive awareness of changing values and priorities, especially in relation to environmental damage.During t his time there were many changing values of incorporating diversity in the workplace, protecting the environment and preventing damage, and the change of business ethics. The view of corporate social responsibility was changing to a model more similar to the progressive business model yet Welsh adhered to a strict traditional business model. GE especially ignored the outer circle of social responsibility because it did not try to improve the social environment by any means.3.Overall, Welsh’s GE met less than half of the general principles of corporate social responsibility. GE religiously followed the principle that corporations are economic institutions run for profit. Welsh’s highest  concern was economic and he was not afraid to suffer short run costs to society if they promised long-term benefits.The only aspect they did not meet for this principal is that they did not seek ways to solve social problems at a profit. They simply did not seek to solve any social pr oblems at all. The only principle that was generally highlighted by GE was that managers should try to meet legitimate needs of multiple stakeholders. The corporation always tried to bring in the largest gains for their shareholders.Welsh’s GE failed to follow the principles of multiple bodies of law, act ethically, to correct adverse social impacts they caused, to vary social responsibility according to company characteristics, to comply with a social contract, or to be transparent and accountable. GE encountered a pattern of criminal cases during this time and therefore did not follow multiple bodies of law, act ethically, or be transparent and accountable. Since GE caused the pollution to the Hudson River and Welch refused to fund the dredging, they did not correct adverse social impacts they caused. Welsh neglected to comply with the social contract because he did not treat retirees or employees fairly and acted as if they were a disposable component of the corporation us ed solely to bring in profits.Lastly, GE did not vary its social responsibilities with the company characteristics. GE was a very large corporation and because of that they should have rewarded their retirees and employees generously with benefits. Because they were a very large corporation that can affect the environment, they should have tried to prevent any damage done to the earth.4.The pros of ranking shareholders over employees and other stakeholders would be that there is more money and profits. Because Welsh had a classical economic view of corporate social responsibility, the shareholders were his primary concern. The cons would be that employees and other stakeholders would become discouraged due to the shareholders being put first and ultimately they would not want to be associated with that company. If the employees feel worthless to the company then they could become unmotivated and hurt GE’s profits. Another con would be that they are not fulfilling their underl ying social contract and could lose the public’s  support.I do not think that it is specifically wrong to view employees as costs of production, because technically they are a resource to the company and are contributing human and physical capital. On the other hand, I believe that â€Å"these sources of capital† should be handled with care and that the employees should be seen as human beings as well. Ignoring the fact that employees are human beings could lead to unethical acts and violation of GE’s social contract. Overall, it is okay to view employees as costs of production, but acting unethically because of this belief is wrong. I think that GE should have rebalanced some of its priorities.They should have viewed their shareholders, employees, and other stakeholders with equal importance. Their employees and other stakeholders should not be viewed as less significant in the company because they represent a large portion of it. Even though they do not dire ctly bring in as much money as GE’s shareholders, they deserve to be treated fairly and ultimately help create profits in the long run.5. GE was much more socially responsible in the Immelt aftermath. The Immelt era offered more benefits to society. Immelt benefitted the environment enormously in comparison to Welch by agreeing to a clean up of the Hudson River, by cutting GE’s emissions, and by launching GE’s â€Å"eco-imagination† initiative.Immelt also benefitted his employees and society much more than Welsh. He loosened Welch’s guidelines for the ranking process, putting less unnecessary pressure and stress on employees. He also showed appreciation for diversity in the top management positions by promoting the progress of women in management through research on sexism. He was more responsive to GE’s social and environmental impacts and the company became the second most socially responsible company under his leadership.One advantage tha t Welch had over Immelt was his popularity with the shareholders. Though shareholders viewed Immelt’s leadership negatively at first, in the end they still gained on their investments throughout the course of 9 years. It was not a large amount of growth but it was 82 percent better than GE’s return alone. This showed that GE could be lead differently, without the use of Welch’s harsh tactics, and still continue to profit.